Why can't I open ports?

The 2 screenshot that you are shared are not relevant to each other. Security group configuration will pass the Client traffic to your EC2 server . Netstat command will return if specific service is running on your operating system.

Port 22 is used to establish an SSH connection, this port is automatically configured during the installation of your operating system, and status will be always Listening.

Looks like you are planning to run some services/applications on ports 80, 8080, 443 etc. You need to first install and then start those services on your operating system on EC2 so that your services start listening on those specified port. (Allowing traffic in Security group is nothing to do with it).

example : I am running Nginx on port 80, then netstat output look like below :

$ netstat -an | grep LISTEN
tcp        0      0 0.0.0.0:111             0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN     
tcp        0      0 0.0.0.0:80              0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN     
tcp        0      0 0.0.0.0:22              0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN     
tcp        0      0 127.0.0.1:25            0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN     
tcp6       0      0 :::111                  :::*                    LISTEN     
tcp6       0      0 :::80                   :::*                    LISTEN     
tcp6       0      0 :::22                   :::*                    LISTEN   

If I stop Nginx on port 80, then you can see that I am not listening on port 80 anymore.

$ netstat -an | grep LISTEN
tcp        0      0 0.0.0.0:111             0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN     
tcp        0      0 0.0.0.0:22              0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN     
tcp        0      0 127.0.0.1:25            0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN     
tcp6       0      0 :::111                  :::*                    LISTEN     
tcp6       0      0 :::22                   :::*                    LISTEN