Questions tagged with AWS Cost Explorer

I have two issues I'm running into with Fargate billing. 1. I have tagged my cluster, and my task definitions using the Tag Editor. Some of the tags have shown up in the Cost allocation tags view within billing, but some have not. Do I need to wait some time for them to show here to be able to activate them? 2. I've activated the tags that did show up, but when I look in cost explorer, there are no tags available for partitioning my costs. Just now I have tagged my ECS Fargate _service_ using my cloud formation template. This isn't possible through the tag editor, so I thought I'd try this and see if that makes a difference. I am aware I need to wait 24 hours for this to show in cost explorer though. Any ideas on getting these tags to show up in the cost allocation view or cost explorer?

I am trying to understand how the commitment per hour calculation has been done for AWS Savings plan recommendation for past 30 days. There is no document on how to calculate it, how is the calculation done for leaving the on-demand spend? As per the below usage of the services mentioned in below table, AWS cost explorer is recommending below commitment... "You could save an estimated $315 monthly by purchasing the recommended Compute Savings Plan. Based on your past 30 days of usage, we recommend purchasing 1 Savings Plan with a total commitment of $1.390/hour for a 1-year term. With this commitment, we project that you could save an average of $0.43/hour - representing a 17% savings compared to On-Demand. To account for variable usage patterns, this recommendation maximizes your savings by leaving an average $0.65/hour of On-Demand spend. Recommendations require up to 24 hours to update after a purchase." So we came to a conclusion that we should spend 0.65/hour of On-demand and 1.390/hour of commitment? Please suggest and share how we can calculate all this information if I need to do that with a different set of data. | Service| Intance family| instance type| No. of instances| Region | On-demand Spend ($) | On-demand Usage | On-demand rate | SP rate | SP Spend | % discount | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | EC2 | t2| micro | 1 | US East (N. Virginia) | 8.352| 720| 0.0116 | 0.0078 | 5.616 | 33% | | EC2 | t2| nano | 1 | EU (Ireland) | 4.536 | 720 | 0.0063 | 0.0048 | 3.456 | 24% | | EC2 | t2 | micro | 6 | EU (Ireland) | 53.837658 | 4,272.83 | 0.0126000000 | 0.0095 | 40.591885 | 25% | | EC2 | t2 | large | 1 | EU (Ireland) | 72.576 | 720 | 0.1008 | 0.0761 | 54.792 | 25% | | EC2 | c6a | large | 1 | EU (Ireland) | 38.4495552| 468.44 | 0.08208 | 0.05854 | 27.4224776 | 29% | | EC2 | c4 | 4xlarge | 1 | EU (Ireland) | 421.73| 466 | 0.905 | 0.667 | 310.822 | 26% | | Fargate | | GB-Hours | | EU (Ireland) | 224.9872755| 50615.81 | 0.0044450000 | 0.0034671 | 175.4900749 | 22% | | Fargate | | vCPU-Hours | | EU (Ireland) | 916.9323152 | 22651.49 | 0.0404800000 | 0.0315744 | 715.2072059 | 22% | | Lambda | | EU-Lambda-GB-Second (Second) | | EU (Ireland) | 28.250059 | 1695000.15 | 0.0000166667 | 0.0000138 | 23.39100207 | 17% | | Lambda | | EU-Request (Requests) | | EU (Ireland) | 0.94 | 4688540 | .20 | .20 | 0.94 | 0% | | **Total **| | | | | 1770.590863 | | 1.363321667 | 1.0587953 | 1357.728645 | |

Hi! We use a lot of services such as EC2, Lambda, SQS, CloudWatch, CloudFront etc. Usually we spend about $60-70 per day. But on few days we reach peaks about $600-800 per day! The cost explorer declares it as "No-Resource". It seems it can be SQS, but I cannot explain. We use Laravel-Vapor for managing the lambda environment and its backend sayy samething about 6 Million queues invoked per month. Concerned to aws price list it shouldn't lead to hundreds of dollar even a few dollar. Does anybody know how I can check which service causes this extensive costs? Thank you in advance! Best, Michael

Hello, Does anyone know if this is a factor in a cost model? We are going to setup our own org within AWS to build Control Tower, but we are also taking services from our ISP in another account. The traffic will mainly be between the 2 organizations within the same region, over transit GW. Is there an added cost for cross-organization traffic? Kr, JT

I am seeing a charge in my Cost Explorer when grouped by API Operation - UE-OCB. When I group by Service - it shows as OCBManagedServices. Can anyone provide guidance on what these charges are for?

Hello, I am trying to get the cost and usage data for an AWS Account using the [GetCostAndUsage endpoint of the Cost Explorer API](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/aws-cost-management/latest/APIReference/API_GetCostAndUsage.html). During some investigations, I found out that the data is quite granular, and I would like to aggregate it on a higher level. The `USAGE_TYPE_GROUP` filter seems to be quite useful for this scenario. Unfortunately, it is only available as a filter and not all services are covered with it. Therefore, it is not that useful in my case. Is it possible or are there any plans for adding the `USAGE_TYPE_GROUP` as possible `groupBy` value? For known entities (e.g. `EC2: Running Hours`) it could just use them and for unknown entities `N/A` could be returned. Or are there any other possibilities to tackle that problem? Thanks for you feedback and help

Hello, Will daily Cost Explorer costs history recover after disabling **Hourly and Resource Level Granularity** ? After enabling hourly granularity, I will see hourly costs up to the past 14 days. But after some testing, I would like to switch the granularity **back to daily**. Will my costs history recover to contain all historical data (several months)?

Hello, I wonder how to estimate the number of Cost Explorer **UsageRecords** for our account. All AWS blog posts are talking only about EC2 instances, e.g.: *A UsageRecords is defined as one-line of usage. For example, one EC2 instance running for 24 hours will generate 24 distinct usage records at the hourly granularity.* (https://aws.amazon.com/about-aws/whats-new/2019/11/aws-cost-explorer-supports-hourly-resource-level-granularity/#:~:text=By%20enabling%20hourly%20granularity%20you,the%20specific%20resource%20incurring%20costs.) But what about Batch jobs, ECS clusters and all other services ? I guess they also generate their own UsageRecords. I would like to estimate the overall number of generated UsageRecords to estimate additional Cost Explorer spending after opting for **Hourly and Resource Level Granularity**.

I am seeing a few cents a day being charged on my AWS Cost Explorer for Amazon Pinpoint - but I have never used Pinpoint. It looks like they are linked to - EU-PhoneNumber-Tollfree - nothing I set up. It isn't a crisis (yet) - minimal cost so far, but I would like to clean it up, and I have AWS credits on the account which avoid me paying for any of it. The account is not for anything in production - just learning and building new things I spent some time on IAM clearing out permissions that may have been used by someone else (not sure how) and researched possible federated usage, but haven't found anything suspicious. Any tips on tracing and killing services that might be charging to my account that I don't want?

We are working on Automation of CCTV camera videos (RTSP link) using image processing techniques such as back ground subtraction, contour detection, annotation using opencv-python for 80 sites.so we have to run 80 python scripts in parallel manner. I would like to know which AMI suits for this project without any drop in outputs. The outputs are images in jpg format. These code would run 24*7.kindly suggest best AMI for this so that we would suggest the same to our management for purchase.

Hello, I have an AWS account and I need to create another instance in the same account. I am looking everywhere to see if I can hence get separate invoices for each instance. The only answers available seem to be: have different AWS accounts. Am I missing something? Thanks

Can you tag an existing cloudformation resource in the console or cli?

How can we get the billing data for each day separately in individual files in the form of CUR report.

Hello, We are noticing that the unblended cost in AWS cost explorer does not match the unblended cost in cost and usage report. There is variation of about ~1.6% between Cost Explorer and CUR (CUR is 1.6% higher). Any idea what is happening here ? and in what all cases this can happen ? We have made sure that no other filters are applied when we do this comparison. Timezone doesn't seem to be an issue as well.

I am using Terraform to manage tags across resources in multiple accounts. I am wondering if it is possible to also enable specific tags to be 'Cost Allocation Tags' programmatically or if all changes to this setting must be done from the AWS web console.

Hi Team, I want to extract the running hours of RDS instances from past 6 months. I used the get_cost_and_usage API and filters as follows: Filter={ 'And':[{ 'Dimensions':{ 'Key':'SERVICE', 'Values':['Amazon Relational Database Service'] }}, { 'Dimensions':{ 'Key':'USAGE_TYPE_GROUP', 'Values':['RDS: Running Hours'] } } ] } It does brings the RDS cost, but brings no output for 'DimensionValueAttributes': []. Please assists. Regards, Nikhil Shah

Hi Everyone, I want to know about the AWS E-mail solution. So we have 20 users that are using the email solution provided by GoDaddy. In GoDaddy, we just pay them for the email account and we create the email with our Domain name. My question is can we migrate to AWS with the same email addresses. I know a little bit about Amazon's SES service. But I want some expert guidance in that. Moreover, It will be helpful If someone can tell me about the COST of this solution in AWS.

I did domain registration on 2 of April and it said this will cost 5 $ but why here in the graph it said there is an extra 34$ for registrar and what is the registrar . when I click in info: it said Apr 1, 2022 - Apr 30, 2022 (UTC) (Refunds, Credits excluded) I have 300 $ in my credit and I create budget to alert me before it reach 250.. I need to know what is registrar ? do I still need to pay 34 $ or it has been deducted from current balance screenshot in the below links https://paste.pics/GM02G https://paste.pics/GM02Q https://paste.pics/GM039

Cost Explorer is only showing some, not all, stacks in the returned tag results for the AWS CloudFormation tags (stack-name, logical-id, stack-id), the other stacks don't show. Affected stacks also don't show any cost in the Cost Explorer widget in the Application Manager console.

I am running a t3.xlarge EC2 instance for daily Veeam backup for MS365. The job only runs for about 20 minutes per day. I am looking for the best / most straightforward method to reduce costs of this instance. I started looking into using instance scheduler to start and stop the instance based on a schedule, and also looked into different instance options that may "bank" compute resources? Any suggestions would be greatly appreciated.

Purchased a second reserved RDS instance by accident. Is there a way to get a refund from AWS, or sell the RI on the market place? First attempt required a US bank account, but located in Canada. A Reddit forum indicated that RDS RI's weren't available to resell, only EC2 RI's. Thanks.

I want to create a Lambda layer for public use. I am wondering if there are any costs associated with hosting a layer on my account that millions potentially could use? The layer would be a Puppeteer for NodeJS.

I am using AWS Organizations. In the past I have changed the names of some of the accounts in my organization, but I have noticed that those changes are not reflected in the Linked Account on Cost Explorer. (They are showing under the old names). How can I fix this?

I have a T3 Unlimited EC2 instance tagged with some tag *project:xyz*. The cost of "regular" CPU credits is being correctly shown tagged as *project:xyz* in Cost Explorer, so I know for a fact that the tag is correctly is applied. However, when the instance uses the "unlimited" CPU credit portion this cost is shown in Cost Explorer as USE2-CPUCredits:t3a without any tags. What am I missing?

I was looking at my billing dashboard where I mostly have S3 storage, and 1 key in KMS. The odd thing is that there are 6000 SQS messages which doesn't add up to any cost but still why are there SQS message count where I don't have any services that uses SQS nor do I have any queues defined?

Does aws free-tier t3.micro servers have a max? Just created a Jenkins controller and a worker agent node, wondering how many agents I can add to the #DevOps ecosystem. I also plan to deploy a Nexus repository and a prometheus/Grafana monitoring server on yet other t3.micro servers. Will I incur a bill?

I'm going crazy with this one. I shut down all usage of every service a year ago. Yet I'm still getting billed every month for a few dollars. And all the charges are from cost explorer itself. The only active reports I have there are all locked and undeletable. Somehow the service that is supposed to save money is the only thing charging me. I'm about to nuke my account because there does not seem to be any way to disable the service. Very frustrated. Any help would be great.

We had put off switching to Websockets as the old MQTT based subscriptions had been working without issues. However, given the 12/31/2021 deadline for the mandatory switch to Websockets, we went ahead and switched to the latest AppSync client in late December. Functionally, there haven't been any noticeable changes (negative or positive). However, the monthly cost has almost tripled. Our query/mutation/subscriptions counts are roughly in the same range as prior to the switch. Is there a reason we experienced this bump? Perhaps there's a way to track this down in the billing cost explorer? Any help is much appreciated!

How to track the inactive assets like ec2 instances ,abs volumes ,snapshots and S3 buckets are not being used for more than 6 months and need to find those alerts to reduce the cost .

I enabled Cost Explorer and my costs have gone way up. Billing shows that 152,000 requests were made in January, which translates to $1.52 but it's 75% of my total charges for that month. [Documentation](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/cost-management/latest/userguide/ce-what-is.html?icmpid=docs_ach_docs_ach_help_panel) says that "You can't disable Cost Explorer after you enable it.". I contacted AWS support and tried to follow their first suggestion of deleting all Cost Explorer reports, but the user interface does not allow deleting the core Cost Explorer reports. After realizing that, their suggestion was to remove from all users the permission to use Cost Explorer API: > It can't be disabled but charges will stop if they stop using Cost Explorer API. Cost Explorer API is not something that can be disabled, in order to stop being charged, you just have to stop using Cost Explorer API to query cost data and block ALL IAM users from using it. Cost Explorer API is only charged if a user (Root/IAM/Role) uses Cost Explorer API to query cost data. The issue is that I don't know how to do that. I believe it's some kind of "hidden"/internal service account that is doing all these requests automatically, as I didn't even open Cost Explorer Dashboard last month. If it's the root account, does IAM allow limiting its permissions? I looked at the Roles listed in IAM and none of them seem to have `ce:*` permissions. Has anyone tried to somehow disable Cost Explorer?

As lambda is pay you go service, I have some question on it . Suppose I host my application using AWS Lambda and API gateway. If someone hits my api through locust then my billing increases tremendously . Suppose I have lambda concurrency of 1000 and someone hits through locust with 1000 concurrency with 1000 users/sec. My billing will be out of my control. How can I control such load testing by someone others so that billing for Lambda won't increase?

I'm having a hard time figuring out if reserved instance costs appear in Cost Explorer in the account they were purchased or in the account where they were applied. For example I have an Management Account and two sub accounts B and C. If the reservations I bought in the Management Account are applied to EC2 instances in account B are they billed to the Management Account or B when I break out costs by linked accounts? Put another way. Do reserved instances get applied to the Management Account as a lump sum at the beginning of the month or are they reflected as EC2 costs (billed at a lower rate) accrued inside of the linked account? When I look at my cost explorer by linked account do I see all the costs generated in that account including the reserved instances that were consumed by the account or are reserved instances billed in the account they were purchased in?

Hi, I have been building a product using AWS free tier. To understand its economic viability, I wanted to get an estimate what charges would I incur basis my current usage if I was not under free tier. There is a separate pricing calculator which provides an estimate but what I need is some way to get monthly non-free tier charge estimate based on my current free-tier usage. Is there a simple way to get this data? Thanks, Dbeings

I am trying out AWS Budget, but it does not show the actual spend correctly. I have created the budget 3 days ago and set it to monitor resources with certain tags. However, the calculated actual spend is still at `0.0`, even though I can clearly see (in cost explorer) that the spend is already higher. I have also tried checking the calculated spend through AWS CLI "describe-budget" operation with the same result. In the console, I am clicking through to cost explorer using the link in the "budget history", therefore I am pretty sure I am viewing the correct data. The budget shows it was refreshed this morning, so it definitely should register the spend. ------ EDIT: Ok so I was doing some additional testing. - The original budget (that shows incorrect actual spend), I have created using Cloudformation. - Now I have created exactly the same budget, but using console. The budget created in console shows correct actual spend. - However, the Cloudformation created budget still shows `0.0`. I do not know what the heck is going on. Why do 2 completely same budgets show different actual spends is beyond me. We need to create our budgets as a part of our automation process, therefore the Cloudformation version needs to work as well. `describe-budget` output for Cloudformation created: ``` { "Budget": { "BudgetName": "StpSimpPimpBudgetingBudget-eu-west-1-1641575151342-uuJMy1qaNeii", "BudgetLimit": { "Amount": "10.0", "Unit": "USD" }, "CostFilters": { "TagKeyValue": [ "stp:globally-unique-stack-hash$7a66815" ] }, "CostTypes": { "IncludeTax": true, "IncludeSubscription": true, "UseBlended": false, "IncludeRefund": false, "IncludeCredit": false, "IncludeUpfront": true, "IncludeRecurring": true, "IncludeOtherSubscription": true, "IncludeSupport": true, "IncludeDiscount": true, "UseAmortized": false }, "TimeUnit": "MONTHLY", "TimePeriod": { "Start": 1640995200.0, "End": 3706473600.0 }, "CalculatedSpend": { "ActualSpend": { "Amount": "0.0", "Unit": "USD" } }, "BudgetType": "COST", "LastUpdatedTime": 1641742182.59 } } ``` `describe-budget` output for CONSOLE created: ``` { "Budget": { "BudgetName": "testbudget", "BudgetLimit": { "Amount": "10.0", "Unit": "USD" }, "CostFilters": { "TagKeyValue": [ "user:stp:globally-unique-stack-hash$7a66815" ] }, "CostTypes": { "IncludeTax": true, "IncludeSubscription": true, "UseBlended": false, "IncludeRefund": false, "IncludeCredit": false, "IncludeUpfront": true, "IncludeRecurring": true, "IncludeOtherSubscription": true, "IncludeSupport": true, "IncludeDiscount": true, "UseAmortized": false }, "TimeUnit": "MONTHLY", "TimePeriod": { "Start": 1640995200.0, "End": 3706473600.0 }, "CalculatedSpend": { "ActualSpend": { "Amount": "0.856", "Unit": "USD" } }, "BudgetType": "COST", "LastUpdatedTime": 1641742039.652 } } ```

Our AWS Organization has been growing quite a lot (at least for us) in terms of Account numbers. VPN service has also added costs to the aggregated monthly total fee of USD 400 per account regarding the corresponding endpoint fixed price. Is this supposed to happen that way? I mean, adding an extra account with the VPN endpoint enabled always add the base cost to the whole month, or is there a more efficient way of doing so? PS: One of the main goals of having VPN access (if not the only one) is to have SSH access to EC2 instances in private subnets. **Second update:** We also use VPN access to our VPC as a tunnel to VPC peered services, such as Atlas' MongoDB or Redislabs instances.

Hello, We are ingesting CUR data for our own internal BI use cases. AWS Cost Explorer user interface provides a toggle to see amortized cost and net amortized cost for a resource. We want to surface the same in our inhouse BI dashboard. So in cost and usage report CSV, which is the column which reflects the above information for a resource ? Documentation is not very clear. What would the value of this column be for resources which does not have any RIs/discounts ? Any examples would help. Thanks.

How could I apply filter for cost and usage report using boto3. I want to search for all entitites that do not have specific tag. In cost explorer UI you could specify NoTag and choose the tag you want. Should I just pass empty value for tag name? { 'Tags': { 'Key': 'some_tag', 'Values': '', }

in Cost explorer UI there is a filter "Charge type" How could I apply the same filter using boto3? As a reference I'm using documentation for boto3 CostExplorer.Client.get_cost_and_usage https://boto3.amazonaws.com/v1/documentation/api/latest/reference/services/ce.html#CostExplorer.Client.get_cost_and_usage I dont see anywhere in documentation filter description for "Charge type". I tried to specify { "Not": { 'Dimensions': { 'Key': 'CHARGE_TYPE', 'Values': ['Refund'] } } } but received an error: botocore.exceptions.ClientError: An error occurred (ValidationException) when calling the GetCostAndUsage operation: Dimension CHARGE_TYPE is not allowed. Allowed dimension(s): SAVINGS_PLAN_ARN, RESERVATION_ID, AZ, CACHE_ENGINE, INSTANCE_TYPE_FAMILY, INSTANCE_TYPE, SAVINGS_PLANS_TYPE, PURCHASE_TYPE, INVOICING_ENTITY, LINKED_ACCOUNT, REGION, SERVICE, LEGAL_ENTITY_NAME, USAGE_TYPE, PLATFORM, USAGE_TYPE_GROUP, OPERATION, OPERATING_SYSTEM, DATABASE_ENGINE, TENANCY, BILLING_ENTITY, RECORD_TYPE, DEPLOYMENT_OPTION

I am attempting to use the AWS Pricing Calculator to estimate retrieving objects from S3, and it asks for the number of LIST requests to S3 and the number of GET, SELECT from S3. The calculator also asks for the estimated amount of data returned and scanned. I am unsure of how to estimate these numbers. If I want to retrieve 1,000 objects, would it incur 1,000 GET and SELECT requests but only one LIST request? I am assuming *data returned *is the amount of data transferred out, but what is *data scanned*? Any clarification would be greatly appreaciated.

I wanted to fetch previous months CUR reports, I wasn't able to find a way to provide period which creating the Cur report. can anybody suggest how i can get previous months CUR reports

I am using AWS CUR reports to analyze my billing and usage data, I want to copy my CUR report to a sql table, but since the columns on the CUR reports don't remain constant, hence i am unable to copy it to table until i modify the table columns each time when the columns change. Can anybody suggest a way to limit or restrict the columns in CUR report or alternate way to copy the data to sql table.

Customer has a single Payer Accounts and multiple Business Unit. Credits are injected centrally. What solutions are available for the customer FinOps team, to make chargeback amounts visible net of credits? What are the common algorithms, that the customer should implement to split the credit benefits across BUs and calculate the internal bill?

While I can get a forecast <https://console.aws.amazon.com/cost-management/home?region=eu-central-1#/custom?groupBy=None&hasBlended=false&hasAmortized=false&excludeDiscounts=true&excludeTaggedResources=false&excludeCategorizedResources=false&excludeForecast=false&timeRangeOption=Custom&granularity=Monthly&reportName=&reportType=CostUsage&isTemplate=true&filter=%5B%5D&chartStyle=Group&forecastTimeRangeOption=Custom&usageAs=usageQuantity&startDate=2021-08-01&endDate=2021-08-31&forecastStartDate=2021-08-19&forecastEndDate=2021-12-31> on the console, I get an error with the CLI % aws ce get-cost-and-usage --time-period Start=2021-08-01,End=2021-12-31 --granularity MONTHLY --metrics "BlendedCost" "UnblendedCost" "UsageQuantity" An error occurred (ValidationException) when calling the GetCostAndUsage operation: end date past the beginning of next month Edited by: PeterS99084 on Aug 19, 2021 1:07 AM

Hello everyone, i would like to automate some stuff via the JS SDK and i currently search for a way to get the exchange rate (USD/EUR) that is also on our VAT Invoices. Is there a way to get it via the aws sdk/api? Thank you for reading my post :) Cheers, Reon

I'm looking for a way either through Cost Explorer or CUR/Athena query to pull EC2 Instance Type usage per account and its associated cost. For example; If I am using m4.2xlarge, how many accounts are using this instance type and its cost. I've close to 60 different instance type and close to 20 accounts.

I was getting two very different sets of numbers in Cost Explorer between the Cost Explorer details linked from the EC2 Reserved Instances Recommendations, and doing my own filtering based on known instance types in tags in another window (costs and hours in my window were about double). The filter that made them match up turned out to be Tenancy, where the RI page was specifically specifying Shared Tenancy, but I had no filter on, which was including both Shared and No Tenancy. What does No Tenancy mean? I can find info on Dedicated, Shared and Default, but not "No Tenancy". Note, there are no dedicated hosts being used.

In Cost Explorer, does CloudFront show as a service include data transfer fees? Or do they show as only data transfer out fees? Could you confirm? Thank you!

How can customers find out the S3 bucket with the highest cost or sort the cost for each S3 bucket? A customer is currently going through cost optimization and they want to find out the S3 bucket with the highest cost. They are also looking for a way to sort the cost for the S3 buckets. Thanks for any information!

Based on this document, https://aws.amazon.com/athena/pricing/ > Amazon Athena queries data directly from Amazon S3. There are no additional storage charges for querying your data with Athena. **You are charged standard S3 rates for storage, requests,** and data transfer. Would customer be charged for S3 GET Operation when using Athena to query data in S3 in addition to the total size of data being scanned?

Are there any examples for the **Pricing** and **Cost Explorer** API's? I've searched the documentation (including for Python) and looked at the source code <https://github.com/aws/aws-sdk-cpp> for any tests, but came up empty. My specific error is that I'm getting _incomplete type_ when declaring a variable of type `Aws::Pricing::Model::DescribeServicesOutcome` . Here is the error message ``` main.c: In function ‘int main(int, char**)’: main.c:39:33: error: invalid use of incomplete type ‘Aws::Pricing::Model::DescribeServicesOutcome {aka class Aws::Utils::Outcome<Aws::Pricing::Model::DescribeServicesResult, Aws::Client::AWSError<Aws::Pricing::PricingErrors> >}’ pricing.DescribeServices(req); ^ In file included from /path/to/include/aws/core/utils/crypto/Hash.h:19:0, from /path/to/include/aws/core/client/AWSClient.h:23, from /path/to/include/aws/core/monitoring/MonitoringManager.h:21, from /path/to/include/aws/core/Aws.h:22, from main.c:3: /path/to/include/aws/core/utils/crypto/HashResult.h:26:50: note: declaration of ‘Aws::Pricing::Model::DescribeServicesOutcome {aka class Aws::Utils::Outcome<Aws::Pricing::Model::DescribeServicesResult, Aws::Client::AWSError<Aws::Pricing::PricingErrors> >}’ template< typename R, typename E > class Outcome; ``` It seems that `DescribeServicesOutcome` , which should be defined in `typedef Aws::Utils::Outcome<DescribeServicesResult, Aws::Client::AWSError<PricingErrors>> DescribeServicesOutcome;` in `<aws/pricing/PricingClient.h>` is instead referring to `Outcome` in `/path/to/include/aws/core/utils/crypto/HashResult.h` . I've tried re-ordering the header files but that doesn't work. Edited by: dtsmith20010101 on Aug 29, 2019 11:11 AM