如何在运行 Amazon Linux 2 的 EC2 实例上安装来自 Extras 库的软件包？

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我有一个在 Amazon Linux 2 上运行的 Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud（Amazon EC2）实例。我想要在该实例上安装来自 amazon-linux-extras 存储库的软件包。

解决方法

要安装来自 Extras 库的软件包，请先确认您的 EC2 实例上已安装 amazon-linux-extras 存储库。列出可用的软件包，然后打开要使用的软件包。然后，使用 yum 安装软件包。

**注意：**以下解决方法仅适用于 Amazon Linux 2。此解决方法不适用于 Amazon Linux 1 2018.03 或 Amazon Linux 2023。

要安装软件包，请完成以下步骤：

使用 SSH 连接到 EC2 Linux 实例。

要确认已安装 amazon-linux-extras 软件包，请运行以下 rpm 命令：

$ rpm -qa |grep -i amazon-linux-extras

如果未安装 amazon-linux-extras 软件包，请运行以下 yum 命令来安装该软件包：

$ sudo yum install -y amazon-linux-extras

列出可用的主题。
主题和版本列表示例：

$ amazon-linux-extras  
2  httpd_modules            available    [ =1.0  =stable ]
  3  memcached1.5             available    \
        [ =1.5.1  =1.5.16  =1.5.17 ]
  9  R3.4                     available    [ =3.4.3  =stable ]
 10  rust1                    available    \
        [ =1.22.1  =1.26.0  =1.26.1  =1.27.2  =1.31.0  =1.38.0
          =stable ]
 18  libreoffice              available    \
        [ =5.0.6.2_15  =5.3.6.1  =stable ]
 19  gimp                     available    [ =2.8.22 ]
 20 †docker=latest            enabled      \
        [ =17.12.1  =18.03.1  =18.06.1  =18.09.9  =stable ]
 21  mate-desktop1.x          available    \
        [ =1.19.0  =1.20.0  =stable ]
 22  GraphicsMagick1.3        available    \
        [ =1.3.29  =1.3.32  =1.3.34  =stable ]
 23 †tomcat8.5                available    \
        [ =8.5.31  =8.5.32  =8.5.38  =8.5.40  =8.5.42  =8.5.50
          =stable ]
 24  epel                     available    [ =7.11  =stable ]
 25  testing                  available    [ =1.0  =stable ]
 26  ecs                      available    [ =stable ]
 27 †corretto8                available    \
        [ =1.8.0_192  =1.8.0_202  =1.8.0_212  =1.8.0_222  =1.8.0_232
          =1.8.0_242  =stable ]
 32  lustre2.10               available    \
        [ =2.10.5  =2.10.8  =stable ]
 33 †java-openjdk11           available    [ =11  =stable ]
 34  lynis                    available    [ =stable ]
 36  BCC                      available    [ =0.x  =stable ]
 37  mono                     available    [ =5.x  =stable ]
 38  nginx1                   available    [ =stable ]
 40  mock                     available    [ =stable ]
 43  livepatch                available    [ =stable ]
 44 †python3.8                available    [ =stable ]
 45  haproxy2                 available    [ =stable ]
 46  collectd                 available    [ =stable ]
 47  aws-nitro-enclaves-cli   available    [ =stable ]
 48  R4                       available    [ =stable ]
  _  kernel-5.4               available    [ =stable ]
 50  selinux-ng               available    [ =stable ]
 52  tomcat9                  available    [ =stable ]
 53  unbound1.13              available    [ =stable ]
 54 †mariadb10.5              available    [ =stable ]
 55  kernel-5.10=latest       enabled      [ =stable ]
 56  redis6                   available    [ =stable ]
 57 †ruby3.0                  available    [ =stable ]
 58 †postgresql12             available    [ =stable ]
 59 †postgresql13             available    [ =stable ]
 60  mock2                    available    [ =stable ]
 61  dnsmasq2.85=latest       enabled      [ =stable ]
 62  kernel-5.15              available    [ =stable ]
 63 †postgresql14             available    [ =stable ]
 64  firefox                  available    [ =stable ]
 65  lustre                   available    [ =stable ]
 66 †php8.1=latest            enabled      [ =stable ]
 67  awscli1                  available    [ =stable ]
  _ †php8.2                   available    [ =stable ]
  _  dnsmasq                  available    [ =stable ]
 70  unbound1.17              available    [ =stable ]
 72  collectd-python3         available    [ =stable ]
† Note on end-of-support. Use 'info' subcommand.

**注意：**存储库会定期更新。

激活要使用的主题。输出会显示用于安装的命令。
例如，要激活 PHP 8.1 主题，请使用以下命令：

$ sudo amazon-linux-extras enable php8.1
Topic php8.1 has end-of-support date of 2024-11-25
  2  httpd_modules            available    [ =1.0  =stable ]
  3  memcached1.5             available    \
        [ =1.5.1  =1.5.16  =1.5.17 ]
  9  R3.4                     available    [ =3.4.3  =stable ]
 10  rust1                    available    \
        [ =1.22.1  =1.26.0  =1.26.1  =1.27.2  =1.31.0  =1.38.0
          =stable ]
 18  libreoffice              available    \
        [ =5.0.6.2_15  =5.3.6.1  =stable ]
 19  gimp                     available    [ =2.8.22 ]
 20 †docker=latest            enabled      \
        [ =17.12.1  =18.03.1  =18.06.1  =18.09.9  =stable ]
 21  mate-desktop1.x          available    \
        [ =1.19.0  =1.20.0  =stable ]
 22  GraphicsMagick1.3        available    \
        [ =1.3.29  =1.3.32  =1.3.34  =stable ]
 23 †tomcat8.5                available    \
        [ =8.5.31  =8.5.32  =8.5.38  =8.5.40  =8.5.42  =8.5.50
          =stable ]
 24  epel                     available    [ =7.11  =stable ]
 25  testing                  available    [ =1.0  =stable ]
 26  ecs                      available    [ =stable ]
 27 †corretto8                available    \
        [ =1.8.0_192  =1.8.0_202  =1.8.0_212  =1.8.0_222  =1.8.0_232
          =1.8.0_242  =stable ]
 32  lustre2.10               available    \
        [ =2.10.5  =2.10.8  =stable ]
 33 †java-openjdk11           available    [ =11  =stable ]
 34  lynis                    available    [ =stable ]
 36  BCC                      available    [ =0.x  =stable ]
 37  mono                     available    [ =5.x  =stable ]
 38  nginx1                   available    [ =stable ]
 40  mock                     available    [ =stable ]
 43  livepatch                available    [ =stable ]
 44 †python3.8                available    [ =stable ]
 45  haproxy2                 available    [ =stable ]
 46  collectd                 available    [ =stable ]
 47  aws-nitro-enclaves-cli   available    [ =stable ]
 48  R4                       available    [ =stable ]
  _  kernel-5.4               available    [ =stable ]
 50  selinux-ng               available    [ =stable ]
 52  tomcat9                  available    [ =stable ]
 53  unbound1.13              available    [ =stable ]
 54 †mariadb10.5              available    [ =stable ]
 55  kernel-5.10=latest       enabled      [ =stable ]
 56  redis6                   available    [ =stable ]
 57 †ruby3.0                  available    [ =stable ]
 58 †postgresql12             available    [ =stable ]
 59 †postgresql13             available    [ =stable ]
 60  mock2                    available    [ =stable ]
 61  dnsmasq2.85=latest       enabled      [ =stable ]
 62  kernel-5.15              available    [ =stable ]
 63 †postgresql14             available    [ =stable ]
 64  firefox                  available    [ =stable ]
 65  lustre                   available    [ =stable ]
 66 †php8.1=latest            enabled      [ =stable ]
 67  awscli1                  available    [ =stable ]
  _ †php8.2                   available    [ =stable ]
  _  dnsmasq                  available    [ =stable ]
 70  unbound1.17              available    [ =stable ]
 72  collectd-python3         available    [ =stable ]
† Note on end-of-support. Use 'info' subcommand.

使用 yum 安装软件包。
例如，要安装 PHP 8.1 主题，请使用以下命令：

$ sudo yum clean metadata && sudo yum install php-cli php-pdo php-fpm php-json php-mysqlnd

使用以下命令验证安装并确认软件版本：

$ sudo yum list installed php-cli php-pdo php-fpm php-json php-mysqlnd
Loaded plugins: langpacks, priorities, update-motd
Installed Packages
php-cli.x86_64                                                8.1.23-1.amzn2                                            @amzn2extra-php8.1
php-fpm.x86_64                                                8.1.23-1.amzn2                                            @amzn2extra-php8.1
php-mysqlnd.x86_64                                            8.1.23-1.amzn2                                            @amzn2extra-php8.1
php-pdo.x86_64                                                8.1.23-1.amzn2                                            @amzn2extra-php8.1

$ php --version
PHP 8.1.23 (cli) (built: Sep 15 2023 21:56:29) (NTS)
Copyright (c) The PHP Group
Zend Engine v4.1.23, Copyright (c) Zend Technologies

如何在运行 Amazon Linux 2 的 EC2 实例上安装来自 Extras 库的软件包？

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