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No worries, we were all newbies at one time.
Simplifying things a lot, security groups are basically an allow list that allows traffic on certain ports from certain IP addresses.
Some documentation to start you off is at https://docs.aws.amazon.com/vpc/latest/userguide/vpc-security-groups.html and https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/security-group-rules.html
For your use case you may want to have access from your IP address on port 22 (to administer and underlying Linux instance), and some application-specific ports that need to be open.
You might not want to give the test user access at the platform level, so they might only need a subset of the application ports open from their IP address.
It's probably worth pointing out here that security groups are nothing to do with authenticating users, they're can't be used alongside passwords etc. to restrict access to the host.
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