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OK. This was just a matter of finding a repostory that 1) has an ipv6 address and 2) in my case, supports arm64 architecture (as I'm running this on an arm EC2 instance).
I found one that worked. It's not as 'close' to me as an us-east-1.ec2 one that has arm in it. If someone knows of a better one please let me know.
You also have to tell apt to use ipv6 only by adding a flag ForceIPv6. You can make this permanent by adding it to a file:
root# cat 1000-force-ipv6-transport
Acquire::ForceIPv6 "true";
The repository list that worked is:
deb http://ports.ubuntu.com/ubuntu-ports/ jammy main restricted
deb http://ports.ubuntu.com/ubuntu-ports/ jammy-updates main restricted
deb http://ports.ubuntu.com/ubuntu-ports/ jammy universe
deb http://ports.ubuntu.com/ubuntu-ports/ jammy-updates universe
deb http://ports.ubuntu.com/ubuntu-ports/ jammy multiverse
deb http://ports.ubuntu.com/ubuntu-ports/ jammy-updates multiverse
deb http://ports.ubuntu.com/ubuntu-ports/ jammy-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://ports.ubuntu.com/ubuntu-ports/ jammy-security main restricted
deb http://ports.ubuntu.com/ubuntu-ports/ jammy-security universe
deb http://ports.ubuntu.com/ubuntu-ports/ jammy-security multiverse
This was the last thing I needed to do to have an ipv6-only ubuntu/arm instance work.
If I understand correctly, a NAT gateway on my VPC would cost me $32.85/month plus $0.045/GB. That's kind of a lot. If the goal is to get everyone off of IPv4 (as much as possible) I would have thought they would have offered a free or cheap alternative, or even an http proxy of some sort. If I'm looking to avoid $3.50/month for an ipv4 address there's no way I'm going to pay $32.85 for a gateway... plus I bet you have to pay for the IPv4 for the gateway anyway. So far an IPv6 only instance seems to be ok but the whole process is less than smooth.
I agree that IPv6 support is still pretty janky and the cost of IPv4 has increased too much before IPv6 is ready.
I found this on StackExchange to basically point to the main Ubuntu repositories instead of the ec2-specific ones that don't seem to fully support IPv6 yet.
(obviously change your region in the command)
sudo sed -i 's/us-west-2\.ec2\.//g' /etc/apt/sources.list
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